September 13, 2004
Alex Pulaski
The Oregonian via
Checkbiotech.org
Five years ago, Madras farmer Ron
Olson searched for a name for his new grass-seed company.
Borrowing from a nearby one-room schoolhouse founded 100 years
earlier, Olson settled on New Era Seed. The name captured a
fresh century's promise, Olson thought -- fitting for a venture
to cultivate genetically modified grass seed on a commercial
scale for the first time.
Seed giants Monsanto and Scotts had contracted with Olson and
other growers, who foresaw picture-perfect golf course tee and
greens, and sunny profits from grass designed to be immune to
Roundup, Monsanto's leading herbicide.
Instead, their dreams are on hold. They have foundered on two
fronts: fears in the divided grass-seed industry that
genetically altered seed could contaminate a signature Oregon
crop and dry up exports, and environmentalists' objections that
the new product could morph into an unconquerable weed.
A year ago, New Era's seven growers brought in their first
harvest. Now they await an uncertain federal approval process
that could stretch another year or more. The delay, and
resulting corporate orders, has left bare dirt where most of
their promising grass acreage once grew.
The inability of Monsanto, Scotts and the Madras growers to get
their new product off the ground highlights the complex
scientific, regulatory and market hurdles agricultural producers
face in developing new, genetically modified, or GM, crops even
in a country that grows more bioengineered corn, soybean and
cotton than anyplace else in the world.
To the naked eye, the Madras fields planted two years ago
appeared just like any other in Oregon, the country's top
grass-seed producer for decades. With $300 million in annual
sales, Oregon's grass-seed industry ranks only behind nurseries
and livestock in agricultural production.
But the Madras acreage was unique among the half-million acres
of grass seed grown in this state. The creeping bentgrass plants
were modified to resist Roundup. The world's most widely used
herbicide, Roundup kills most weeds and grasses, including
annual bluegrass -- a common weed on courses.
Scotts, the lawn and garden care company with annual revenues of
$2 billion, and Monsanto, the agricultural chemical and seed
corporation with annual revenues of $4.9 billion, are betting
that their Roundup Ready bentgrass seed will first take root in
the lucrative golf-course market.
Commercial success there could one day revolutionize the $40
billion home lawn and garden industry with next-generation
genetically modified grasses requiring less watering and mowing.
At 66, Olson is old enough to have sprayed DDT and toxaphene --
and to remember how the chemical industry assured users and
consumers of the safety of those insecticides. Both were later
banned because of their long-lasting toxic effects on wildlife.
Environmentalists contend that the next generation will discover
the folly in re-engineering the genetic makeup of plants.
"I know there are people who are concerned that we are creating
some kind of monster plant," countered Olson. "I think there's
going to be a point in time where that could be an important
issue. But the horror-story scenario . . . that's pretty
far-fetched.
"We're dealing in areas in which we don't have that much
experience. We have the same concerns ourselves."
For all Olson's hope, many of the state's grass-seed growers
remain convinced that the Scotts-Monsanto experiment will
backfire. European nations -- fueled by organized consumer
resistance -- have refused to allow imports of genetically
modified crops from the United States, clouding trade relations.
If buyers in Asia and Europe stop purchasing conventional Oregon
grass seed because they fear that altered seed has crept in, the
state's exports -- 15 percent of sales -- could disappear.
"Farmers will lose export markets and the gene will soon
contaminate the Willamette Valley, making my work and livelihood
very difficult and unprofitable," Hubbard grass farmer Frank
Bronec wrote to federal officials last year.
Federal land managers, too, have made clear their opposition. A
Forest Service official wrote federal rule-makers this year to
say the new seed could damage all 175 national forests and
grasslands. Similarly, the Bureau of Land Management, which
oversees 260 million acres, said it lacks the money to dislodge
the new, genetically modified bentgrass if it becomes
established on public lands.
Hurdle had to be cleared
To begin planting and harvesting on a commercial scale,
Monsanto, Scotts and the Madras farmers first had to overcome
opposition from other Oregon grass-seed growers.
In spring 2001, Scotts approached the Oregon Department of
Agriculture with an unusual request. The company wanted to
establish an 11,000-acre quarantine area near Madras; no
conventional bentgrass could be cultivated in the area to
prevent cross-breeding from Roundup Ready test plots it wanted
to establish.
Bill Rose, a farmer and seed-company owner in Hubbard, took the
forefront in fighting the quarantine area.
He and other Willamette Valley growers, and the university
researchers allied with them, argued that the state's grass-seed
industry was being placed in peril.
"I don't think enough safeguards can be enforced to keep the
Roundup Ready bentgrass from eventually entering the Willamette
Valley," Sublimity grower Kent Doerfler wrote the state. "If GMO
(genetically modified) bent is found in any of our grass seeds,
we will not be able to export."
Most Madras-area farmers lined up in favor of the quarantine
area. They were joined by golf course superintendents and the
U.S. Golf Association, which for decades has sought an effective
means of ridding its bentgrass fairways of invasive annual
bluegrass. Roundup would kill the bluegrass, while the new
bentgrass strain would survive. Golf course superintendents say
the new seed would allow them to use fewer chemicals to control
weeds.
In the end, a state hearings officer concluded that the risks to
Oregon agriculture were greater than the potential benefit to
Scotts and Jefferson County farmers such as Olson.
Scotts weighed taking its plans to Idaho. But Kevin Turner,
director of grass seed procurement and sales for Scotts in
Oregon, said the company asked Phil Ward, then-director of the
state Department of Agriculture, to reconsider. In turn, Scotts
agreed to beef up protections against cross-contamination, such
as including wider buffer areas around fields.
A new hearings officer recommended approving the quarantine area
in July 2002, and the Madras farmers started planting a month
later.
Opposition continues
Opposition from environmentalists and many Oregon growers of
conventional seed has continued -- led by Rose.
Rose said he isn't afraid of genetically modified crops. His
experience with them dwarfs that of practically every other
Oregon grower. His company's test farm near Hubbard bears the
scars.
In June 2000, eco-saboteurs calling themselves the Anarchist
Golfing Association broke into Pure Seed Testing's greenhouses,
scattered and destroyed test plants and caused hundreds of
thousands of dollars in damage. They left behind golf balls,
figurines and spray paint.
It was here, in the late 1990s, that Pure Seed researchers
conducted the first tests of how far pollen from genetically
modified grasses would travel -- 1,000 feet and more, posing
fertilization risks with conventional plants.
At about the same time, Rose founded HybriGene, a research firm
attempting to create grass strains resistant to weedkillers such
as glufosinate, sold under the Liberty and other brand names.
HybriGene was also experimenting with male-sterile technology,
so that the GM plants could not cross-pollinate.
In 1999, Scotts representatives and Rose discussed developing a
Roundup Ready grass strain.
"I told them it was suicide," Rose recalls.
Suicide, because the GM strains would soon intermix with
conventional bentgrass on golf courses and lawns. Over time, the
Roundup Ready strain would overtake everything else, Rose told
them. So Scotts started looking elsewhere for Oregon growers
willing to experiment with Roundup Ready bentgrass.
Rose, whose roots in the industry stretch back to the first
pound of Merion Bluegrass seed he bought in 1951, is also a
fractional owner of Tee-2-Green.
Tee-2-Green markets about 65 percent of the bentgrass used on
golf courses worldwide. All of that conventional bentgrass seed
is grown in the Willamette Valley.
After Rose's test plots and greenhouses were vandalized, the
Scotts sign came down at the company's Gervais research
facility. A sign simply proclaims "Office." Now, Turner, of
Scotts, characterizes opposition by Rose and other Willamette
Valley farmers as profit-driven.
"He sees that this technology is going to eat his lunch and it's
not," Turner said. "But it is going to take a bite out of his
sandwich."
Biotech plantings grow
During the 1990s, Monsanto spent billions of dollars acquiring
suppliers of seed for corn, soy, cotton and other crops. The
company says plantings of its biotech seed grew from 3 million
acres in 1996 to 172 million acres this year.
Consumer opposition, though not as high in this country as in
Europe and Asia, remains a hurdle.
Monsanto was forced to drop development of its NewLeaf potato
after an incident in which a competitor's genetically modified
StarLink tainted millions of bushels of conventional corn. Some
reached consumers in such products as tortilla shells. The
strain was suspected of producing allergic reactions.
Growers in Oregon, Idaho and Washington had been prepared to
introduce large-scale production of the virus- and
insect-resistant NewLeaf potatoes in 2000. Then McDonald's, the
world's largest potato-buyer, said it would take no genetically
altered potatoes. Overnight, the NewLeaf potato was dead.
A significant issue in the Scotts-Monsanto bentgrass experiment
is how to prevent cross-pollination with wild plants. The Sierra
Club, Center for Food Safety and others have written the federal
government in opposition, saying the companies are creating a
widespread and hardy weed.
The answer, according to Scotts, is that golf course managers
keep their fairways trimmed shorter than a carpet. Grass will
not grow tall enough to release pollen, the company argues.
But could a robin swoop down on a newly planted fairway, skim a
beakful of genetically altered seed and drop it in tall grasses
nearby?
"That is a possibility," said Bob Harriman, Scotts' vice
president for biotechnology.
There is evidence that genetically modified plants can propagate
in the wild.
In March 2001, a federal court in Saskatchewan ruled that a
Canadian farmer owed Monsanto thousands of dollars because the
company's genetically engineered canola plants were found
growing in his field.
The plants had apparently germinated after pollen from the
altered plants had blown onto Percy Schmeiser's property from
nearby farms.
Although Canada's Supreme Court ruled earlier this year that
Schmeiser did not have to pay Monsanto for his 1998 crop, it did
conclude that the company had an enforceable patent. Thus
Monsanto can continue to charge farmers licensing fees, sell
them new seed every year and inspect fields looking for
cheaters.
After 50 years of growing canola and a six-year legal battle
that Schmeiser figures cost more than $400,000, the 73-year-old
farmer has planted his acreage in oats and peas.
"I can't grow canola any more because if I go to a seed house
it's all contaminated by Monsanto's (genetically modified)
seed," Schmeiser said.
"The same will happen with grass seed. You'll have grass
cross-pollinating into wheat. Any farmer with experience will
tell you: There's absolutely no way to keep this from
spreading."
Deregulation sought
To begin selling the new grass seed, Scotts in May 2002
petitioned the federal government to deregulate Roundup Ready
bentgrass.
By that September, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service issued Scotts a letter of deficiency on the application.
The inspection service, citing rules protecting proprietary
information, would not say what the application lacked.
Scotts resubmitted its application last year. It could take a
year before a deregulation decision is reached, opening the door
to sales.
Neil Hoffman, who oversees the agency's biotechnology
deregulation process, says the bentgrass application presents
complex issues that the agency has never faced before.
"This particular plant has a tendency to pollinate other
plants," he said. "It can spread very easily."
As the regulatory process has drawn on, Scotts and Monsanto
reached a decision that Olson and the other Madras farmers found
hard to swallow: All but a few acres of their Roundup Ready
bentgrass fields would be taken out of production.
This June, before the plants pollinated, they were sprayed with
a herbicide other than Roundup. They were later burned and the
acreage tilled.
Jim King, a Scotts spokesman, said the company remains
optimistic that its new grass will be deregulated. But with last
year's seed crop sitting in a warehouse, he said, it didn't make
sense to add to it.
Olson says the new era he envisioned in 1999 might one day be
realized.
But for now, he is unsure what will be planted on the bare land.
Maybe alfalfa. Or carrots for seed.
"We are trying to keep this program alive," he said. "It has
been a blow to the farmers that were involved."
Oregonian researcher Kathleen Blythe contributed to this report.
Alex Pulaski
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