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Date: Wed 11 Jul 2008
Source: WEB Miass.ru [in Russian, trans. & summ. Corr.BA, edited]
<http://newsmiass.ru/index.php?news=14915>

Miass city district in the Chelyabinsk region was placed under quarantine on 1 Jul 2008 due to potato nematodes.

The dangerous potato pest _Globodera_ was reported by villagers in Syrostan and Naily. Potato nematodes were detected in soil samples from the affected areas.

This is not the first time for this region -- a similar situation occurred in Miass in the 1980s and 1990s.

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[Both golden (_Globodera rostochiensis_) and pale (_G. pallida_) cyst nematodes cause serious crop losses in potato. They can also infect other solanaceous crops and weeds. Symptoms on potato are stunting, yellowing, and wilting of leaves as well as a reduced root system, which is abnormally branched and brownish in colour. Damage to the crop varies from small patches of poor growing plants to complete crop failure. Diseased plants first occur in isolated patches and these become larger with each new crop if potatoes are continually grown on the infested site. In light infestations, potato plants may show no above ground symptoms, but yield can be reduced. Light infestations can reduce tuber size, whereas heavy infestations reduce both number and size of tubers.

The nematodes are not greatly influenced by soil type and temperature and thrive wherever potatoes are grown. The pathogens survive in soil in the absence of a host as cysts containing viable eggs. These can survive in soil, which has not been planted to potatoes, for up to 20 years. Spread occurs via infected soil, water, wind, or on plant material. It takes about
6-7 years from introduction into a potato paddock before numbers of the nematodes reach a detectable level. Disease management includes exclusion, quarantine, and crop rotation with non-host species. Both nematodes have been included on the alert list of the European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO).

The report above does not state which of the _Globodera_ species has been detected. However, _G. rostochiensis_ is widely distributed in the Eurasian area, while _G. pallida_ has not been reported from Russia before.
Furthermore, potato cyst nematodes were detected in the Chelyabinsk region in 1982 and the report above is a result of an annual monitoring programme following the 1st detection, during which an increase in the affected area has been observed (information provided by Mod.NP). It is therefore more likely that the reported species is _G. rostochiensis_.

Maps
Russia:
<http://www.map-of-russia.org/map-of-russia.gif>
Russian regions:
<http://map.rin.ru/index_e.html>
Chelyabinsk region:
<http://map.rin.ru/cgi-bin/main_e.pl?Region=chelab>
Worldwide distribution of golden nematode (September 2006):
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_rostochiensis/HETDRO_map.htm> 

Worldwide distribution of pale cyst nematode (September 2006):
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/HETDPA_map.htm>
Pictures
Symptoms of golden nematode on potato plants:
<http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/CA25677D007DC87D/LUbyDesc/Ag0572a/$File/Ag0572a.jpg>
and
<http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/bcconf/talks/images/brodie2.gif>
Golden and pale cyst nematodes:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/HETDSP_images.htm>
Links
Information on _G. rostochiensis_:
<http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-71E8091F577D52D24A2568B30004F3B2-07E8C65C31CFC12CCA256BC800029303-4C9C6833948D4DF54A256DEA00274836-386AFCFE1CD9F10ECA256BCF000BBFE4?open> 

Information on _G. pallida_:
<http://nematode.unl.edu/pest5.htm> and
<http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G053S1.HTM>
Data sheets on both potato cyst nematodes:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/HETDSP_ds.pdf>  and <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/surv/data/glorose.shtml>
Diagnostic techniques for both nematodes:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/pm7-40(1)%20HETDSP%20web.pdf> 

EPPO alert list:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm>  - Mod.DHA]