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[1] Stripe rust - UK: (Scotland)
[2] Undiagnosed rust - Pakistan: (Sindh)


[1] Stripe rust - UK: (Scotland)
Date: Wed 22 Apr 2009
Source: FarmingUK [edited]
<http://www.farminguk.com/news/Wheat-rust-sightings-spread-to-Scotland15316.asp>

Wheat rust sightings spread to Scotland

New rust sightings in winter wheat crops are now emerging in Scotland.
These are in addition to earlier reports from across parts of England [see recent ProMED-mail post no. 20090417.1452].

According to SAC [Scottish Agricultural College] senior researcher Dr Simon Oxley, yellow rust in Scotland has now been sighted in a number of winter wheat crops. But while yellow rust isn't uncommon in wheat, he is concerned that what may catch growers out is its appearance after such a cold winter.
"A lot of people assumed disease pressure would be low this year [2009],"
he observes.

Recent foggy weather could have encouraged the symptoms, he says, so where there's a risk it should be targeted with an early-season fungicide. "The advice in the regions is to protect from yellow rust and try to eradicate it," he says.

Further south, Syngenta cereal disease specialist Rod Burke says these latest sightings add to earlier reports from East Anglia, Warwickshire, and Northamptonshire, and even further afield. "It could be one of those years where you have to watch for rusts all season," says Mr Burke.

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[2] Undiagnosed rust - Pakistan: (Sindh)
Date: Thu 23 Apr 2009
Source: The News International [edited]
<http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=173790>

Disease strikes wheat crop in Sindh

Wheat production in Sindh is likely to fall below target as a disease has damaged the grain in the upper parts of the province. The disease called "rust" has attacked a wheat variety 'bakhar', causing severe damage to the grain. In some cases, the grain is missing and only the weeds are found during harvesting.

"Bakhar is a variety of Punjab, which is sown earlier than local Sindh varieties. It is vulnerable to the atmosphere of Sindh," said Abdul Majeed Nizamani, president Sindh Abadgar Board. More than 50 per cent of land was sown with this variety in Khairpur and Nausheroferoze districts. It was also sown in other upper Sindh districts as well as some parts of Balochistan.

The government has set a production target of 25 million tonnes of wheat for 2008-09 but the disease attack has put it in jeopardy. The government has so far imported around 350 000 tonnes of wheat in 2008-09. Urea shortage would also affect production of other local varieties.

[byline: Shahid Shah]

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[Stripe rust (also called yellow rust) of cereal crops is caused by the fungus _Puccinia striiformis_ var. _striiformis_. It causes yellow leaf stripes, stunting of plants, and reduces grain production with yield losses of 40 to 100 per cent. Spores are spread by wind and with infected straw, and some grasses or volunteer wheat may generate a "green bridge" providing inoculum for the next cropping season. Disease management includes the use of resistant varieties, fungicides, and control of volunteer wheat.

Outbreaks of stripe rust have been reported earlier from the UK in parts of England. Several recent outbreaks, including a new strain, have also been reported from northern India where it was claimed that the epidemic originated in Pakistan. Item [2] above may refer to this stripe rust problem, but it cannot be excluded that one of the other 2 wheat rusts are involved.

Leaf rust, also called brown rust, of wheat is caused by the fungus _Puccinia recondita_. It reduces the photosynthetic potential of the plant and can cause serious yield losses of over 40 per cent in individual fields. Wheat stem rust is caused by the fungus _Puccinia graminis_ f. sp.
_tritici_. Overall yield losses of up to 70 per cent are reported, but some fields are totally destroyed. For more information on the 3 wheat rusts please see previous ProMED-mail posts and links below.

Maps
UK:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/united_kingdom.gif> and
<http://healthmap.org/r/00a8>
Pakistan:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/pakistan_pol_2002.jpg> 
and
<http://healthmap.org/r/00a7>
Pictures
Stripe rust on wheat:
<http://www.grdc.com.au/uploads/images/Stripe%20rust%20Colin%20Wellings%20ACRCP.JPG> 
and
<http://cril.cimmyt.org/gallery/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=950&g2_serialNumber=2> 

Leaf rust on wheat:
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/IMAGES/brown%20rust1.JPG>,
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/diseases/Brown%20rust/brstd.html>,  and
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/diseases/Brown%20rust/brstaxil.html>
Stem rust on wheat:
<http://www.cimmyt.org/english/wps/news/2005/sept/images/stem2.jpg>  and
<http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/diseases/images/fac15s01.jpg>
Links
Information on wheat stripe rust:
<http://pnw-ag.wsu.edu/smallgrains/Stripe%20Rust.html>,
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9918&pf=1&cg_id=0>,
<http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/158964/stripe-rust-in-wheat.pdf>, 
and
<http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Wheat/Wheat%20Stripe%20Rust.asp> 

_P. striiformis_ taxonomy:
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=427989>
Information on wheat leaf rust:
<http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/disease.cfm?RecordID=1138>,
<http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Wheat/Wheat%20Leaf%20Rust.asp> 
and
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/diseases/Brown%20rust/Brhost.html>
New resistance breaking strain of leaf rust:
<http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-93-1-0110C>
_P. recondita_ taxonomy and synonyms:
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=145187>
Information on wheat stem rust:
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9910>
Wheat stem rust strain Ug99:
<http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/gis/pdf/UG99postH.pdf>,
<http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=36>  and
<http://www.agbioworld.org/newsletter_wm/index.php?caseid=archive&newsid=2686>
_P. graminis_ f.sp. _tritici_ taxonomy:
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=455607>
Global Rust Initiative:
<http://www.globalrust.org/>
SAC:
<http://www.sac.ac.uk/>.  - Mod.DHA]

[see also in the archive:
Stripe rust, wheat - UK 20090417.1452
Stripe rust, wheat - India: new strain 20090329.1216
Wheat rusts - Kenya, India, Australia 20090312.1019
Rust diseases, wheat, mustard - India: (JK) 20090305.0897
Stripe rust, wheat - China 20090208.0579
2008
---
Wheat stem rust Ug99 - Australia ex Ethiopia: interception 20081203.3807
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - multicountry: update 20081120.3660
Stripe rust, wheat - Australia (02): (VIC) 20080916.2897
Stem rust, wheat - Australia: (WA) 20080905.2769
Stripe rust, wheat - Australia: (QLD, NSW), alert 20080716.2156
Cereal rusts - Australia: (NSW) 20080624.1945
Leaf rust, wheat - USA: (KS, OK) 20080519.1665
Fungal diseases, cereals - UK, Ireland: update 20080428.1460
Fungal diseases, wheat - Canada, USA 20080427.1454
Wheat stripe rust, oilseed rape sclerotinia - China 20080408.1297
Fungal pathogens, wheat - UK (England) 20080319.1055
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - Iran: 1st rep, alert 20080307.0925
Stripe rust, wheat - Denmark: new strains 20080211.0542
2007
---
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - Kenya: new variant 20071217.4054
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - multistate: resistance screening 20071208.3957
Stripe rust, wheat - Australia (SA): new strain 20070921.3135
Stripe rust, wheat & wheat streak mosaic - Australia (SA, WA) 20070830.2860
Fungal diseases, wheat & pulses - Australia (SA) 20070821.2729
Ergot & stripe rust, cereals - USA (MT) 20070706.2144
Barley yellow dwarf virus & stem rust, cereals - Kenya 20070705.2132
Stripe rust, wheat - USA, Australia 20070614.1950
Fungal pathogens, wheat - United Kingdom: new races 20070523.1652
Rust diseases, bean & wheat - UK: alert 20070512.1515
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - Yemen (02): government response 20070430.1399
Wheat stem rust, spread: FAO, Global Rust Initiative 20070414.1241
Wheat stripe rust, wheat - China 20070413.1230
Wheat stem rust, strain Ug99 - Yemen: 1st report 20070117.0229
and older items in the archives]