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Identification of a new begomovirus associated with yellow leaf curl diseases of tomato and pepper in Sulawesi, Indonesia

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A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>

Date: March 2009
Source: The American Phytopathological Society, Plant Disease [edited] <http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0321C>

[Ref: WS Tsai et al: Identification of a new begomovirus associated with yellow leaf curl diseases of tomato and pepper in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Plant Dis 2009; 93(3), 321; DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0321C]

Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (family _Geminiviridae_, genus_Begomovirus_) cause severe disease epidemics of tomato and pepper [capsicum] in Indonesia. Four tomato-infecting begomoviruses have been reported from Java Island; _Ageratum yellow vein virus_ (AYVV), _Tomato leaf curl Java virus_ (ToLCJV), _Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus_ (TYLCIDV), and Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIDV). The latter was also found to infect peppers.

In 2006, symptoms typical of those caused by begomoviruses, leaf curling, blistering, yellowing, and stunting, were observed in tomato and pepper fields in North Sulawesi with incidence as high as 100 percent. Three symptomatic tomato leaf samples from each of 2 fields in the Langowan area and one from each of 2 fields in the Tompaso area, as well as one pepper sample from each of 2 fields in the Langowan area and 2 from a field in the Tompaso area were collected.

A begomovirus DNA-A was detected by PCR in all the tomato samples, in the 2 pepper samples from Langowan, and in one of the Tompaso pepper samples. A begomovirus DNA-B component or virus-associated satellite DNA were not found in any of the samples by PCR. The PCR-amplified
1.5 kb fragment from one positive sample each from the 4 tomato and 3 pepper fields were sequenced and found to have high nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (more than 95 percent). The full-length genomes of all 7 begomovirus isolates were 2750 or 2751 bp long. Sequence comparisons showed all isolates to have high nt identity (more than
95.1 percent). Comparison with other sequences available in the GenBank database (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>) shows that the isolates have the highest nt sequence identity (66.5 percent) with PepYLCIDV and less with other begomoviruses including those reported from Indonesia.

On the basis of the currently accepted begomovirus species demarcation threshold of 89 percent nt identity, the tomato and pepper begomovirus isolates from North Sulawesi constitute a distinct species in the genus _Begomovirus_ for which the name Tomato leaf curl Sulawesi virus (ToLCSuV) is proposed. Phylogenetic analysis shows the ToLCSuV isolates form a cluster distinct from other Indonesian begomoviruses as well as begomoviruses from the neighboring Philippines.

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Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>

[From the suggested name, the authors seem to think that the new virus belongs in the tomato leaf curl viral clade, although this is not obvious from the data presented above. Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus to which the new virus is reported to have the closest relationship, has been described only recently (December 2008, see links below) from the same region. Known species in the tomato leaf curl and tomato yellow leaf curl clades cause similar diseases on solanaceous crops and can lead to considerable yield losses.

Begomoviruses are transmitted by different whitefly vectors (which are a serious pest in themselves) and many can also be transmitted by mechanical means and grafting, but they are not seed transmitted.
Begomovirus control is particularly difficult in open field crops due to the widespread presence and wide host range of whiteflies. Disease management may include pathogen exclusion, vector control, and elimination of possible pathogen and/or vector reservoir plants. In some cases, crop cultivars with increased virus resistance are available.

Maps
Indonesia:
<http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/indonesia_rel98.jpg>
and
<http://healthmap.org/r/007g>
Indonesian provinces:
<http://www.indonesiamatters.com/86/indonesian-provinces-map/>
Sulawesi island:
<http://www.bali-travel-online.com/sulawesi/sulawesi_map.htm>

Pictures
Tomato leaf curl disease:
<http://susveg-asia.nri.org/images/svcorkipmt2.JPG>  and
 <http://www.bspp.org.uk/publications/new-disease-reports/014/2006-65-1.jpg>
Electron micrograph of _Begomovirus_ particles:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/WIntkey/Images/em_gemin_2.jpg>
Whiteflies:
<http://www.honolulurosesociety.org/images/Whiteflies-MC_1.jpg>

Links
Information on tomato leaf curl viral diseases:
<http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/viral/leaf_curl__virus.html>,
<http://www.avrdc.org/LC/tomato/tylcv.html>, and <http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/4250.html>
Pepper yellow leaf curl viruses in Indonesia:
<http://www.springerlink.com/content/267302114406v843/>  and <http://www.springerlink.com/content/g4621u2g17452848/>
Current list of species and strains in the tomato leaf curl group via:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/index.htm>
Genus _Begomovirus_ taxonomy and description:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.029.0.03.htm>
_Begomovirus_ species list:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_gemin.htm#Genus3>
Taxonomy of all other viruses via:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/vn_index.htm>
Information on whiteflies:
<http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/whiteflies/>  and <http://www.uckac.edu/whitefly/faqs_about_whiteflies.htm>.  - Mod.DHA]

[see also in the archive:
2008
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Spearmint disease - India: new begomovirus 20081005.3140
2005
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Tomato leaf curl virus - Philippines (Mindanao) 20050725.2155 Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, chili - India 20050712.1984 Tomato leaf curl virus - Bangladesh 20050608.1593 Tomato leaf curl virus, New Delhi strain - India 20050603.1548
2004
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Tomato leaf curl virus, new species - France (Mayotte) 20040528.1444 Tomato leaf curl virus, chilli pepper - Pakistan 20040509.1255
2003
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Tomato leaf curl virus, potato - India: 1st report 20031001.2470 Tomato leaf curl, tomato - Australia 20030608.1413
2001
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Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato - Greece 20010707.1307 Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato disease - India (02) 20010402.0663 Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato disease - India 20010331.0649 2000
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Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus - Mex., Costa Rica 20000412.0520]

 

 

 

 

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