A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
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International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>
Date: March 2009
Source: The American Phytopathological Society, Plant Disease
[edited] <http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0321C>
[Ref: WS Tsai et al: Identification of a new begomovirus
associated with yellow leaf curl diseases of tomato and pepper
in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Plant Dis 2009; 93(3), 321; DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0321C]
Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (family _Geminiviridae_,
genus_Begomovirus_) cause severe disease epidemics of tomato and
pepper [capsicum] in Indonesia. Four tomato-infecting
begomoviruses have been reported from Java Island; _Ageratum
yellow vein virus_ (AYVV), _Tomato leaf curl Java virus_
(ToLCJV), _Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus_ (TYLCIDV),
and Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIDV). The
latter was also found to infect peppers.
In 2006, symptoms typical of those caused by begomoviruses, leaf
curling, blistering, yellowing, and stunting, were observed in
tomato and pepper fields in North Sulawesi with incidence as
high as 100 percent. Three symptomatic tomato leaf samples from
each of 2 fields in the Langowan area and one from each of 2
fields in the Tompaso area, as well as one pepper sample from
each of 2 fields in the Langowan area and 2 from a field in the
Tompaso area were collected.
A begomovirus DNA-A was detected by PCR in all the tomato
samples, in the 2 pepper samples from Langowan, and in one of
the Tompaso pepper samples. A begomovirus DNA-B component or
virus-associated satellite DNA were not found in any of the
samples by PCR. The PCR-amplified
1.5 kb fragment from one positive sample each from the 4 tomato
and 3 pepper fields were sequenced and found to have high
nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (more than 95 percent). The
full-length genomes of all 7 begomovirus isolates were 2750 or
2751 bp long. Sequence comparisons showed all isolates to have
high nt identity (more than
95.1 percent). Comparison with other sequences available in the
GenBank database (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>) shows that the
isolates have the highest nt sequence identity (66.5 percent)
with PepYLCIDV and less with other begomoviruses including those
reported from Indonesia.
On the basis of the currently accepted begomovirus species
demarcation threshold of 89 percent nt identity, the tomato and
pepper begomovirus isolates from North Sulawesi constitute a
distinct species in the genus _Begomovirus_ for which the name
Tomato leaf curl Sulawesi virus (ToLCSuV) is proposed.
Phylogenetic analysis shows the ToLCSuV isolates form a cluster
distinct from other Indonesian begomoviruses as well as
begomoviruses from the neighboring Philippines.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[From the suggested name, the authors seem to think that the new
virus belongs in the tomato leaf curl viral clade, although this
is not obvious from the data presented above. Pepper yellow leaf
curl Indonesia virus to which the new virus is reported to have
the closest relationship, has been described only recently
(December 2008, see links below) from the same region. Known
species in the tomato leaf curl and tomato yellow leaf curl
clades cause similar diseases on solanaceous crops and can lead
to considerable yield losses.
Begomoviruses are transmitted by different whitefly vectors
(which are a serious pest in themselves) and many can also be
transmitted by mechanical means and grafting, but they are not
seed transmitted.
Begomovirus control is particularly difficult in open field
crops due to the widespread presence and wide host range of
whiteflies. Disease management may include pathogen exclusion,
vector control, and elimination of possible pathogen and/or
vector reservoir plants. In some cases, crop cultivars with
increased virus resistance are available.
Maps
Indonesia:
<http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/indonesia_rel98.jpg>
and
<http://healthmap.org/r/007g>
Indonesian provinces:
<http://www.indonesiamatters.com/86/indonesian-provinces-map/>
Sulawesi island:
<http://www.bali-travel-online.com/sulawesi/sulawesi_map.htm>
Pictures
Tomato leaf curl disease:
<http://susveg-asia.nri.org/images/svcorkipmt2.JPG>
and
<http://www.bspp.org.uk/publications/new-disease-reports/014/2006-65-1.jpg>
Electron micrograph of _Begomovirus_ particles:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/WIntkey/Images/em_gemin_2.jpg>
Whiteflies:
<http://www.honolulurosesociety.org/images/Whiteflies-MC_1.jpg>
Links
Information on tomato leaf curl viral diseases:
<http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/viral/leaf_curl__virus.html>,
<http://www.avrdc.org/LC/tomato/tylcv.html>, and <http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/4250.html>
Pepper yellow leaf curl viruses in Indonesia:
<http://www.springerlink.com/content/267302114406v843/>
and <http://www.springerlink.com/content/g4621u2g17452848/>
Current list of species and strains in the tomato leaf curl
group via:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/index.htm>
Genus _Begomovirus_ taxonomy and description:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.029.0.03.htm>
_Begomovirus_ species list:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_gemin.htm#Genus3>
Taxonomy of all other viruses via:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/vn_index.htm>
Information on whiteflies:
<http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/whiteflies/>
and <http://www.uckac.edu/whitefly/faqs_about_whiteflies.htm>.
- Mod.DHA]
[see also
in the
archive:
2008
----
Spearmint disease - India: new begomovirus 20081005.3140
2005
----
Tomato leaf curl virus - Philippines (Mindanao) 20050725.2155
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, chili - India 20050712.1984
Tomato leaf curl virus - Bangladesh 20050608.1593 Tomato leaf
curl virus, New Delhi strain - India 20050603.1548
2004
----
Tomato leaf curl virus, new species - France (Mayotte)
20040528.1444 Tomato leaf curl virus, chilli pepper - Pakistan
20040509.1255
2003
----
Tomato leaf curl virus, potato - India: 1st report 20031001.2470
Tomato leaf curl, tomato - Australia 20030608.1413
2001
----
Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato - Greece 20010707.1307
Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato disease - India (02)
20010402.0663 Tomato leaf curl begomovirus, tomato disease -
India 20010331.0649 2000
----
Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus - Mex., Costa Rica
20000412.0520]