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Fungal diseases on cereal crops in China, Ireland

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A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>

[1] Powdery mildew & stripe rust, wheat - China (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region)
[2] Multiple fungi, wheat and barley - Ireland

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[1] Powdery mildew & stripe rust, wheat - China (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region)
Date: Tue 26 May 2009
Source: Xinhua News Agency [edited]
<http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/26/content_11436928.htm>

Pests, diseases strike up to half of NW China wheat crop

Pests and diseases have infected 30 to 50 per cent of the wheat crop, or 187 000 hectares [462 000 acres], in north west China's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the regional agriculture department revealed. The acreage affected by pests, mainly aphids, and diseases like powdery mildew accounted for 87.5 per cent of the wheat cultivation area, said Lai Weili, director of Crop Farming Bureau of the regional Agriculture Department.

If not effectively controlled, the summer [2009] harvest would be harmed, said Lai. Lai said aphids had been found on 30 per cent of plants, and powdery mildew disease, one of the most dangerous wheat diseases, had already affected more than 92 000 hectares [227 400 acres], where the average diseased plant rate has reached 46.5 per cent. "This year's [2009] pest and disease outbreak is the most serious in recent years," said Lai.

According to the China Meteorological Administration, the average temperatures in Ningxia in March and April [2009] were 5 to 6 degrees higher than average for the time of year. "The southern part of Ningxia was forecast to have some rain in June. However, the hot and humid weather close to the harvest season has helped the spread of stripe rust disease, as well as powdery mildew," said Lai.

The regional government on Monday [25 May 2009] issued an emergency order to local authorities to monitor the problem closely and inform farmers of the development of the control measures. The government has also stepped up checks to ensure fake agrochemicals are not used.

[editor: Mo Hong'e]

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communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>

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[2] Multiple fungi, wheat and barley - Ireland
Date: Tue 26 May 2009
Source: Independent [edited]
<http://www.independent.ie/farming/news-features/crop-diseases-on-the-rise-as-heavy-rain-takes-it-toll-1750666.html>

Crop diseases on the rise as heavy rain takes it toll

Bad weather is causing havoc with crucial spraying operations on cereals, Teagasc [Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority] has warned. The broken weather will have serious implications for yield, with the authority
already predicting these to be "modest" at best.

Its latest crop report says that wet weather diseases are predominating. "Spring cereals are suffering quite badly," said tillage expert Jim O'Mahony. "Disease levels have increased with rhyncho [scald], net blotch,
and mildew evident in most [barley] crops," Mr O'Mahony warned. He says a priority must also be given to septoria control in winter wheat, which has showed a marked increase.

"Give priority to spraying the flag leaf fungicide on winter wheat because this is where most of the problems will occur," he said. Mildew rates have not increased in winter wheat in the past 2 weeks and remain at a low level. Rhyncho is the dominant disease in winter barley but it is being held off by sprays. Again, mildew levels have not increased.

[byline: Majella O'Sullivan]

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[Powdery mildew of wheat is caused by _Blumeria graminis_ f. sp. _tritici_ and affects all aerial parts of the host. Stripe rust (or yellow rust) of cereal crops is caused by the fungus _Puccinia striiformis_ var. _striiformis_ and can result in total yield loss. Cereal diseases of the septoria complex are caused by the fungi _Mycosphaerella graminicola_ (previously _Septoria tritici_) and _Phaeosphaeria nodorum_; these pathogens cause blotches on both leaves and glumes.

Net blotch of barley is caused by the fungus _Pyrenophora teres_ and affects only domestic and wild barleys (_Hordeum_ spp.). Scald caused by _Rhynchosporium secalis_ is one of the most destructive diseases of barley.
Powdery mildew of barley is caused by _Blumeria graminis_ f. sp. _hordei_,  and the less important downy mildew is caused by _Sclerophthora_ species.

Management strategies for these pathogens generally include cultural practices to reduce inoculum, fungicides, use of clean seed, and resistant cultivars. For more information see links below.

In China, outbreaks of stripe rust on wheat have been reported earlier this year (2009) as well as in 2008, and emerging new strains are suspected. The additional powdery mildew problems in the north reported in item 1 above could be compounded by the presence of large numbers of aphids, which may assist in spreading the spores. Most of the diseases mentioned in item 2 above have also been reported to be active in the UK and Germany at present (see previous ProMED-mail posts listed below).

Maps
China:
<http://www.chinapage.com/map/map.html>  and
<http://healthmap.org/r/00dj>
Provinces of China:
<http://www.sacu.org/provmap.html>
Ireland:
<http://www.fishing-ireland.de/karte.html>  and
<http://healthmap.org/r/00dk>
Pictures
Powdery mildew on wheat:
<http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/wheat/powdmildew/0093.9powdmildew.jpg
and
<http://www.dowagro.com/uk/images/Powdery-mildew-wheat-001.jpg>
Stripe rust on wheat:
<http://www.grdc.com.au/uploads/images/Stripe%20rust%20Colin%20Wellings%20ACRCP.JPG

Septoria diseases of wheat:
<http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/french/crops/facts/90-008f3.jpg>  (leaf) and
<http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub811/images/6septf2.jpg>  (ear)
Net blotch on barley:
<http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/images/6034311.jpg>
Scald of barley:
<http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/images/6035961.jpg>  and
<http://www.blackthornarable.co.uk/photography/cereals/disease/D_0969.jpg>
Links
Information on wheat powdery mildew:
<http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0010.html>  and
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/diseases/Mildew/Milhost.html>
Information on wheat stripe rust:
<http://pnw-ag.wsu.edu/smallgrains/Stripe%20Rust.html>  and
<http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/158964/stripe-rust-in-wheat.pdf

Information on septoria diseases:
<http://ipm.ppws.vt.edu/stromberg/smallgrain/biology/wgblotch.html>,
<http://www.hgca.com/hgca/wde/diseases/S.tritici/strihost.html>,  and
<http://www.cimmyt.org/Research/Wheat/pdf/septoria_ago99.pdf>
Scald, net blotch and other foliar diseases of barley:
<http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/ph/dis/cer/f06501.pdf>
Information on net blotch of barley:
<http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/pathogene/6pyrter.htm>  and
<http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r730100311.html>
Taxonomy and synonyms for all fungal species via:
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp>
Teagasc:
<http://www.teagasc.ie>.  - Mod.DHA]

[see also in the archive:
Stripe rust, wheat - UK (02): new strain 20090514.1806
Fungal diseases, cereal crops - France, Germany 20090504.1668
Stripe rust, wheat - UK 20090417.1452
Stripe rust, wheat - India: new strain 20090329.1216
Wheat rusts - Kenya, India, Australia 20090312.1019
Rust diseases, wheat, mustard - India: (JK) 20090305.0897
Stripe rust, wheat - China 20090208.0579
Fungal diseases, barley - UK 20090123.0291
2008
---
Stripe rust, wheat - Australia (02): (VIC) 20080916.2897
Stripe rust, wheat - Australia: (QLD,NSW), alert 20080716.2156
Cereal diseases - Australia, UK, USA 20080707.2057
Cereal rusts - Australia: (NSW) 20080624.1945
Fungal diseases, cereals - UK, Ireland: update 20080428.1460
Wheat stripe rust, oilseed rape sclerotinia - China 20080408.1297
Fungal pathogens, wheat - UK (England) 20080319.1055
and older items in the archives]

 

 

 

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