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Date: September 2014
Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 9/2014/164 [edited] <http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2014/Rse-1409.pdf>
First report of _Globodera pallida_ in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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A systematic survey for the presence of potato cyst nematodes (_Globodera rostochiensis_ and _G. pallida_ -- both EPPO A2 List) was initiated in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011. Until 2012, only _G.rostochiensis_ had been detected in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In autumn 2012, viable cysts were found in 2 soil samples originating from 1 field located 70 km [about 43 miles] east of Sarajevo.
Morphological and molecular analysis confirmed the occurrence of _G. pallida_ in these samples. More samples were collected from the other fields of the grower concerned, as well as from their surroundings, but no cysts were found in these additional samples.
A more intensive sampling regime was implemented in the infested field (1.1 ha [2.7 acres]) and revealed a high infestation of 1 cyst per gram of soil in the infestation focus. The high infestation level and the use of farm-saved seed potatoes by the grower suggest that the introduction of _G. pallida_ probably took place several years before via imports of infected seed potatoes.
Phytosanitary measures were taken on the infested field (prohibition to grow potatoes for the next 6 years, continuing sampling).
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[Both golden (_Globodera rostochiensis_, with at least 5 races) and pale (_G. pallida_) potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) cause serious crop losses in potato. Other solanaceous crops (such as tomato) and weeds may serve as pathogen reservoirs. PCN symptoms on potato include stunting, yellowing, and wilting of leaves as well as a reduced root system. PCNs may lead to complete crop failure. Diseased plants first occur in isolated patches and these become larger with each new crop.
The nematodes can survive in soil for up to 20 years as cysts. Spread occurs via infected soil, water, wind, or on plant material (such as the seed potatoes suspected above). Disease management includes exclusion, long crop rotation with non-host species, use of crop cultivars resistant to specific PCN races and nematicides. These control measures can be combined to keep nematode levels below economic thresholds. Both PCNs have been included on the quarantine lists of the European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO).
In the Eurasian area, golden PCN is widespread but pale PCN has a more restricted distribution and its detection in specific areas is considered of significance to the respective region. It would be important to ascertain the original source of the infection in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as that location would also require appropriate measures to improve the health of local solanaceous crops.
Maps
Bosnia & Herzegovina:
<http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/bosnia-hercegovina/map_of_bosnia-hercegovina.jpg>
Europe, overview:
<http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_MAPS/0_map_europe_political_2001_enlarged.jpg>
Pictures
Photo gallery of pale PCN pathogen and symptoms:
<http://www.ipmimages.org/browse/subthumb.cfm?sub=4904>
Golden and pale PCN cysts:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/HETDSP_images.htm>
Symptoms of golden nematode on potato plants:
<http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/bcconf/talks/images/brodie2.gif>
Links
First report of _G. pallida_ from Bosnia & Herzegovina:
<http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0739-PDN>
Information on _G. pallida_ (including taxonomy):
<http://nematode.unl.edu/pest5.htm>,
<http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=27033&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144>
and
<http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G053S1.HTM>
Fact sheets on both potato cyst nematodes:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Globodera_pallida/HETDSP_ds.pdf>
and
<http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/pestrava/gloros/tech/glorose.shtml>
Information on _G. rostochiensis_:
<http://nematode.unl.edu/pest6.htm> and
<http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G053s2.htm>
EPPO A2 alert list:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm> - Mod.DHA]
[See Also:
2013
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Pale cyst nematode, potato - Denmark: 1st rep 20130527.1738906
2012
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Golden cyst nematode, potato - USA: (NY) update 20120302.1058275
2011
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Cyst & root knot nematodes, vegetables: updates 20110321.0885 Pale cyst nematode, potato - Russia: interception 20110221.0567
2010
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Golden cyst nematode, potato - Russia (02): (UD) 20100827.3038 Golden cyst nematode, potato - Russia: (TO) 20100628.2156
2009
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Golden cyst nematode, potato - Russia (02): (NS) 20091109.3882 Golden cyst nematode, potato - Russia: (KK) 20091005.3458 Potato diseases - UK, USA 20090821.2960 Golden cyst nematode, potato - Iran: 1st rep (HD) 20090525.1946 Viruses & nematodes, potato - UK: alert 20090212.0628
2008
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Cyst nematodes, potato - Russia (02): (KAM) 20081208.3850 Cyst nematode, potato - Australia (02): (QLD), alert 20081117.3627 Cyst nematode, potato - Australia: (VIC) 20081021.3334 Cyst nematodes, potato - Russia: (Chelyabinsk) 20080714.2138 and older items in the archives]
Topics
Species
