January 2015
Tomatosphere is an educational outreach project involving more than 17 000 classrooms in Canada (and the United States). The project uses the excitement of space exploration as a medium for teaching students about science, space and agriculture and the role being played by Canada as a world leader in the support of long-term space flight.
The project began in 2001 and has expanded every year. In the spring of each year, classrooms in grades 2-10 conduct experiments to investigate the effects of the space environment on the growth of food (i.e. the tomato) that will inevitably be one of the many used to support a long-term human mission, establishing a base on the Moon, and then to Mars. Because of semestering or scheduling, some classes conduct the experiment In the fall term.
In the spring of 2014, it is expected that, based on current registrations, the number of classrooms involved will exceed 17 000 for the first time in the history of the project and may reach 18 000.
Teachers receive two sets of seeds (both Heinz H9478) - a control group and a set of seeds that have been on the International Space Station (ISS) for a period of 22 months. The seeds were taken to the ISS on the last shuttle (July, 2011) and returned to Earth with Commander Chris Hadfield on May 15, 2013 on board a Russian Soyuz vehicle. One group of seeds that the students will germinate have travelled in excess of 450 million kilometres!
Students will conduct the germination experiment in a "blind" test; they will not know the treatment associated with each of the groups of seeds until they have completed the germination component of the experiment. This will prevent any unintentional bias from creeping into the results.
Teachers can expand on the basic germination experiment and link it to studies of plants, Space, Mars, nutrition, or the environment, depending upon the grade and curriculum studies involved. The Tomatosphere Project also includes several additional modules that teachers can utilize in their classroom. These are science-related but are also linked to other areas in the curriculum including nutrition, energy, weather and environmental studies.
Purpose
The students' findings will begin to address the question of how we supply space exploration missions with life support requirements - food, water, oxygen and the need to consume carbon dioxide exhaled by the members of the crew. Currently, space-mission vehicles are able to carry just enough of these requirements to service the crew for short missions. Stays at the International Space Station are refreshed on a regular visit by supplies from Earth. Travelling to and from Mars, the closest planet to Earth, would take almost two and a half years.
In our quest to travel deeper into space for extended periods, we need to find ways to expand life support provisions in the limited confines of space vehicles. A plant-based life support system may provide part of the solution. Through photosynthesis, plants use light energy to consume carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and return oxygen to the air that is needed for survival. One of the most popular and valuable plants for space applications is the tomato. Tomatoes provide wholesome nourishment and purify water through evaporation from their leaves.
Exposing the seeds to a variety of environments will help researchers to determine if... and how... the seeds are affected by events related to space travel. This will help to determine what types of seeds have the highest potential for germination and growth in space - crucial to space missions where availability of physical space is a serious issue. The physical area on board a space vehicle is quite limited, thus restricting the number of plants that can be grown and the number of people who can be supported for extended periods. When a seed - and the plant that grows from it - is assigned to a space mission, it must sprout successfully and continue to grow healthy and strong and produce an abundance of fruit. Seeds that don't germinate, and plants that are weak and don't grow properly are not contributing to the mission. Weak plants may also become sick and spread their illness to other plants, causing even more problems to the controlled-environment system.
Students will compare the rates of germination of the control group and the seeds exposed to the 22 months in space, and will report on the growth and development of the plants. Students will learn how to conduct a scientific experiment and may be inspired to pursue further education in the areas of science and technology. It is essential that we focus on the technical needs of ventures like the space program in order to motivate young people to pursue studies in science and technology. Not all students can become astronauts; however, many will be able to find significant, worthwhile roles in providing support for knowledge-based programs like those being developed by the Canadian Space Agency and others.
Topics
Species
