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First reports of bacterial diseases on potato in Europe: 


A ProMED-mail post <http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>

In this posting:

[1] Brown rot, Poland

[2] Ring rot, Hungary

******

[1] Brown rot, Poland

Date: January 2015

Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 1/2015/001 [edited] <http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOReporting/2015/Rse-1501.pdf>

The NPPO of Poland recently posted the 1st report of _Ralstonia solanacearum_ (EPPO A2 List) on ware potatoes (_Solanum tuberosum_) on its territory. The bacterium had previously been detected once in a water sample in 2011 (see EPPO RS 2011/242).

In December 2014, _R. solanacearum_ was detected during a survey carried out in a place already under quarantine because of the earlier detection of another bacterium (_Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp.

_sepedonicus_). _R. solanacearum_ was found in one lot (48 tonnes) of ware potatoes from a 1.5 ha field in southwestern Poland. Tuber samples were tested, and the positive results were confirmed by FERA [UK Food and Environmental Research Agency].

The NPPO proposed the following reasons which might explain this

infection:

1) The certified seed potatoes used in 2014 to produce the infected potatoes had been produced in 2013 from seed potatoes originating from another EU Member State. In 2013, within the seed potato harvest produced from the above lot, 2 samples were found to be positive for _R. solanacearum_, but this was not confirmed by further testing.

2) In 2014, at the place where _R. solanacearum_ was found in cv.

'Lady Claire', additional samples were taken from other potato lots.

Among them, 2 samples [of] cv. 'Taurus' were found to be positive, but this was not confirmed by further testing.

--

Communicated by: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>

******

[2] Ring rot, Hungary

Date: January 2015

Source: European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 1/2015/002 [edited] <http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOReporting/2015/Rse-1501.pdf>

The NPPO of Hungary recently reported the detection of _Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. _sepedonicus_ (EPPO A2 List) on ware potatoes on its territory. After 9 years of absence, the presence of the bacterium was confirmed in December 2014 in a tuber sample by laboratory and pathogenicity tests.

This sample had been collected in September 2014 during a routine survey. The ware potatoes had been produced on 2 fields of 2.5 and 0.5 ha. The possible source of infection could not be determined. The origin of the seed potatoes used could not be traced. According to the grower, only farm-saved seed potatoes had been planted. The varieties of the sampled tubers and those grown in the fields related to the sampled lots could not be identified either.

Phytosanitary measures have been taken to eradicate the disease. As soon as the presence of the bacterium was suspected, the movement of infected potato lots (4.5 tonnes in store out of the 46 tonnes produced on the farm) was prohibited. Upon confirmation of the results, the total amount of potatoes placed under quarantine was destroyed. In addition, other lots were sold as early potatoes so that they were not suitable for planting.

Other phytosanitary measures are being applied, [and] a legal procedure has been initiated against the grower [for] the planting of [untested] seed potatoes. The NPPO is launching a national information campaign on the risk of spreading this quarantine pest and the legal obligation of testing farm-saved seed potatoes before planting.

--

Communicated by: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>

[Brown rot:

-------

Brown rot (also called bacterial wilt) of potato is caused by _Ralstonia solanacearum_ race 3 (biovar 2, adapted to cooler

temperatures) or race 1 (prevalent in warmer areas). These pathogens can also affect tomato and other solanaceous plants. Different races and biovars cause lethal wilting diseases on more than 200 known hosts including many important crops.

Brown rot symptoms include internal staining and rotting of tubers, wilting and death of plants, and may result in substantial yield losses. However, there may also be latent infections. The pathogens can survive in potato tubers during storage posing a high risk for introduction of the pathogen to new areas.

The bacteria are spread by mechanical means (including insects), contaminated equipment, infected plant material (including seed potatoes), soil and water. They can survive in soil on plant debris or roots of hosts. Some weeds and unharvested potato plants may serve as pathogen reservoirs. Disease management is difficult, relying mostly on exclusion from new areas. Some cultural methods (such as crop rotation) and limited genetic resistance may be used.

Ring rot:

-----

_Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. _sepedonicus_ causes ring rot disease of potato. Yield losses of up to 50 percent have been reported. Many solanaceous species, including tomato and aubergine (eggplant), are also susceptible. The pathogen has also been found associated with symptomless infections of sugar beet and sugar beet seed.

Symptoms on potato may include wilting and yellowing of leaves, rot of the vascular ring of tubers with emerging bacterial ooze, and extensive tuber rot followed by internal hollowing, cracking and mummification. Wilting symptoms may occur late in the season and are often masked by the natural senescence of the crop. Symptom expression depends on host cultivar and is favoured by cool climates. Tubers with ring rot are often subjected to secondary invasions by other bacteria and fungi, which can result in total loss of tubers in the field or in storage.

The pathogen is spread with infected seed tubers or other plant material, plant-to-plant contact, soil and by mechanical means (for example during harvest or grading). The bacteria can survive for several years on dry surfaces and for over a month in water. They can overwinter in unharvested potatoes or crop debris. Ring rot can pass through one or more crop generations without causing symptoms, and latently infected tubers are an important means of spreading the disease. Laboratory tests are needed to detect latent infections.

Disease management is expensive and may include cultural practices and plant hygiene measures before and after harvest, but the use of certified clean seed potatoes is vital. Illegal farm-saved seed potatoes are known to pose a serious risk for the spread of ring rot.

Maps

Poland:

<http://graphicmaps.com/webimage/countrys/europe/lgcolor/plcolor.htm>

Hungary:

<http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/hungary.htm>

Europe, overview:

<http://www.youreuropemap.com/europe_map_political.gif>

 

Pictures

Potato brown rot symptoms:

<http://www.massnrc.org/PESTS/pestFAQsheets/popup_code/ralstoniafig07.htm>

and

<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Ralstonia_solanacearum/PSDMSO_images.htm>

Susceptible and resistant potato cultivars:

<http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp728/Ralstonia/potato_field.gif>

Potato ring rot symptoms:

<http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/images/brr.jpg> (tuber), <http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/images/brr-leaf.jpg (leaf)>, via <http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?sub=11051> and <http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Clavibacter_m_sepedonicus/CORBSE_images.htm>

 

Links

Brown rot disease information:

<http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/pw/ph/dis/veg/fs00701.pdf>,

<http://fera.co.uk/plantClinic/documents/factsheets/brownrot.pdf>,

<http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/review/2009/ralstonia/>

and

<http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/farmingsectors/crops/potatoes/potatodiseasesandtests/Potato%20Brown%20Rot%20information%20sheet%20%28doc%20992Kb%29050210.pdf>

_R. solanacearum_ wilts, general information:

<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Ralstonia_solanacearum/PSDMSO_ds.pdf>,

<http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp728/Ralstonia/Ralstonia_solanacearum.html>

and

<http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/bacterial/bacterial_wilt.html>

Diagnosis and description of _R. s._ races:

<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Ralstonia_solanacearum/pm7-21(1)%20PSDMSO%20web.pdf>

Description and taxonomy of _R. solanacearum_:

<http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/305>,

<http://expasy.org/sprot/hamap/RALSO.html> and via <http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/qr/ralstonia.html>

FERA:

<http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk>

Information on potato ring rot:

<http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3103.html>,

<http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/brr.htm>,

<http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Clavibacter_m_sepedonicus/CORBSE_ds.pdf>

and

<http://fera.co.uk/plantClinic/documents/factsheets/ringrot.pdf>

Molecular detection of _C. m._ subsp. _sepedonicus_:

<http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.8.853>

_C. michiganensis_ subsp. _sepedonicus_ taxonomy:

<http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/31964>

EPPO A2 quarantine list:

<http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm>

 - Mod.DHA]

 

[See Also:

2014

----

Bacterial ring rot, potato - Europe: (France, Slovakia, Finland)

20140611.2533363

Brown rot, potato - Russia: (PR) interceptions 20140527.2500654

2013

----

Bacterial ring rot, potato - USA: (ID) 20131209.2099985 Bacterial ring rot, potato - Finland 20130720.1835754 Bacterial ring rot, potato - Chile: (AR) 20130329.1609025 Bacterial ring rot, potato - UK: (England) ex Netherlands, susp.

20130130.1520894

2012

----

Potato diseases - UK, Philippines: incursions susp 20121213.1448960 Bacterial ring rot, potato - USA: (ID) 20121004.1322810 Bacterial ring rot, potato - Netherlands, Germany: update

20120503.1121126

2011

----

Bacterial ring rot, potato - Netherlands (South) 20111229.3697 Brown rot, potato - Russia: (KL) ex Egypt 20110418.1208

2010

----

Bacterial ring rot, potato - Canada: (PE) 20101107.4043 Brown rot, potato - Lesotho: (MS, TT) 20100221.0591] 



More news from: ISID (International Society for Infectious Diseases)


Website: http://www.isid.org

Published: February 11, 2015

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