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Survey of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus reservoirs in the Northern Territory, Australia


A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>

Date: Tue 24 Feb 2015

Source: ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Rural [edited] <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-25/nt-government-testing-weeds-for-melon-virus/6261228>

Northern Territory to test weeds for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The Northern Territory Government has begun testing weeds outside of quarantine zones established to control an outbreak of a plant disease which has devastated the watermelon industry around Katherine. Last year [2014], 10 properties were quarantined in 3 zones to minimise the spread of _Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus_ (CGMMV).

Now, a group of weeds found in the Northern Territory has been declared as hosts of CGMMV. The list includes amaranthus, bitter paddy melon, black nightshade, buttercup pigweed, fat hen, green amaranth, pie or wild melon, pigweed and prickly paddy melon. Many of these have been found harbouring the virus overseas.

Testing has revealed some weeds on some of the quarantined properties are hosting the virus. Dr Andrew Tompkins, Department of Primary Industry, said there's no evidence to suggest the virus has spread outside of the quarantine zones. "We're surveying the [affected] farms and we'll be starting to survey in the near vicinity, a few hundred metres of the [quarantined] areas. Affected farms were issued a direction to control all of these weeds."

[Byline: Matt Brann]

--

Communicated by: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>

[_Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus_ (CGMMV; genus _Tobamovirus_) is a major pathogen of cucurbit crops with reported yield losses of around 15 percent. The virus has a narrow host range. Many strains, including the type strain occurring in Europe, are limited to Cucurbitaceae, but some isolates have been reported which can also affect a number of species in other families, including Amaranthaceae and Solanaceae. Symptoms vary in different host species and may be masked in field crops. They may include severe leaf mosaic, deformation of vines and internal fruit symptoms such as discolouration and rotting of flesh.

CGMMV is both seed and pollen transmitted. It is extremely stable and can also be spread by mechanical means (human activities, insect damage, plant-to-plant contact), with contaminated agricultural tools, infected plant material, in water and contaminated soil. Spread by specific insect vectors appears doubtful. Disease management may include removal of virus reservoirs, phytosanitary practices and use of certified clean seed or other planting material. Transgenic rootstock lines of some cucurbit crops (including watermelon) with resistance to CGMMV have been or are being developed.

In Australia, the detection of CGMMV in 2 cucurbit crops, watermelon and pumpkin in the NT (ProMED-mail post 20141027.2904033), introduced a new aspect to the search for a possible source of the current outbreak. Previously the thought was that the virus may have entered the country with infected watermelon seed from overseas, but this theory would not be consistent with spread between crops. Therefore, the virus may have been present in the country before its 1st official confirmation (ProMED-mail post 20141009.2844854), perhaps on wild cucurbits which are common in central Australia and may have provided a virus reservoir. So far, the survey reported above does not provide any information on this possibility, since only weeds on infected properties were analysed for CGMMV which could have been infected from the crop.

 

Maps

Australia (with states):

<http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA4073.jpg>

Northern Territory:

<http://www.ozhorizons.com.au/maps/northern_territory_map.php>

 

Pictures

CGMMV symptoms on cucurbit leaves and vines:

<http://phamnhatlinh.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/greenmosaic.jpg>,

<http://www.envirologix.com/artman/uploads/cukevine.jpg>,

<http://www.nt.gov.au/d/cgmmv/Content/Image/gallery/CGMMV%20watermelon%20leaf%20mottling%20Credit%20HM%20Clause%20Inc.jpg>

and

<http://docsdrive.com/images/academicjournals/ijv/2011/fig2-2k11-1-12.jpg>

(also on _Chenopodium_ indicator)

CGMMV affected cucurbit fruits:

<https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/cucumber%20green%20mottle%20mosaic%20virus1.jpg>

(watermelon),

<http://www.abc.net.au/news/image/5751900-3x2-340x227.jpg>

(watermelon) and

<http://www.english.vkm.no/eway/imgstore/6efd6060bc.jpg> (cucumber) CGMMV symptoms photo galleries via:

<http://www.melonsaustralia.org.au/news/CGMMV-identification>

CGMMV particles, electron micrograph:

<http://www.virologyj.com/content/8/1/228/figure/F1>

 

Links

Additional news stories:

<http://www.hortidaily.com/article/15155/AU-NT-gov-expands-quarantine-area>,

<http://www.katherinetimes.com.au/story/2878888/katherine-cgmmv-quarantine-area-expanded/>,

<http://www.freshplaza.com/article/133979/AU-Melon-virus-detected-in-unplanted-seeds>,

<http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/business/horticulture/most-states-still-free-of-melon-virus-as-eradication-efforts-continue/story-fnker6g8-1227157019705>,

<http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-25/states-boost-border-biosecurity/5913452>

and

<http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-04/biosecurity-failings-over-cucumber-mosaic-virus/5856888>

Information and description of CGMMV and diseases:

<http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=154>,

<http://www.verdelab.it/?lang=eng&IDC=11&ID=6>,

<http://pvo.bio-mirror.cn/descr265.htm>,

<http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=16951>,

<http://www.harrismoran.com/products/cucumber/pdf/CGMMVBrochure.pdf>

and

<http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-7026-0_14>

CGMMV fact sheets and resources:

<http://www.amseed.org/wp-content/uploads/CGMMV-Brochure-rev2-Final-4-22-2014-1.pdf>

and

<http://www.melonsaustralia.org.au/news/CGMMV-identification>

CGMMV epidemiology and diagnosis:

<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12065/full> and <http://bit.ly/1thsSnp> CGMMV resistant transgenic watermelon:

<http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7625438_Transgenic_watermelon_rootstock_resistant_to_CGMMV_%28cucumber_green_mottle_mosaic_virus%29_infection>

CGMMV taxonomy via:

<http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2012>

- Mod.DHA]

 

[See Also:

2014

----

Cucumber green mottle mosaic, pumpkin - Australia: (NT)

20141027.2904033

Cucumber green mottle mosaic, watermelon - Australia (02): 1st rep

(NT) 20141009.2844854

Cucumber green mottle mosaic, watermelon - Australia: (NT) susp.

20140918.2785893

2013

----

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, melon - USA: 1st rep (CA) 20131219.2124396] 



More news from: ISID (International Society for Infectious Diseases)


Website: http://www.isid.org

Published: February 27, 2015

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