A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
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International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Tue 14 Feb 2023
Source: The Tribune [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/next-few-days-critical-for-wheat-crop-agri-experts-tell-farmers-479490


Current weather conditions are not optimal for wheat crops and farmers are advised to be vigilant to avoid yield loss. The department of Agriculture in Ambala district said that grain weight is likely to decrease with higher temperature. Current conditions are also conducive for fungal development. Field staff have been directed to be watchful. Farmers have been advised to report to the department if they find yellow rust in their fields so that the disease can be contained.

The disease spreads very quickly, so regular monitoring and timely prevention is needed to control it. Farmers were advised to consult experts for confirmation of yellow rust and spray fungicides. Camps are being organised to educate farmers. Over 87 000 hectares [214 982 acres] are under wheat crops in the district in 2023.

[Byline: Nitish Sharma]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[Stripe rust (also called yellow rust) of cereals is caused by the fungus _Puccinia striiformis_. The disease affects wheat (_Triticum aestivum_), durum wheat (_T. turgidum_), some barley varieties, triticale (wheat/rye hybrids), and a number of wild grasses. It causes yellow stripes on leaves leading to loss of photosynthetic ability and plant vigour, as well as stunting of plants. Yield losses of 40-100% have been reported in wheat.

Spores are wind dispersed in several cycles during the cropping season. Grasses and volunteer crop plants may generate a "green bridge" providing inoculum for the next crop cycle. Disease monitoring is important so that timely action can be taken to limit the spread of the pathogen as well as build-up of inoculum. Disease management may include the use of resistant crop varieties, fungicide applications and control of pathogen reservoirs. Monitoring and resistance breeding programmes have been established in different regions for early detection of new rust strains and to attempt to stay ahead of pathogen evolution.

While stem rust (_P. graminis_) poses a huge potential threat to world wheat production, stripe rust is currently causing the most damage to wheat crops on a global scale. New strains of both rusts with increased virulence and additional fungicide resistances have been reported in recent years from wheat-growing areas worldwide. Climate warming allowing survival of wheat rusts on green bridges into higher latitudes is another example of pathogens extending their range due to climate change (e.g. ProMED posts 20141024.2895414, 20120809.1235745, 20090914.3230, and 20110718.2172). Projects for double-resistance breeding to manage both stripe and stem rusts simultaneously are in progress (see ProMED post 20120831.1274190).

The Himalayan region, including parts of India and Pakistan, has been identified as a source of most of the aggressive stripe rust races that have arrived in Europe over recent years (ProMED post 20150717.3517395). In India, of the cereal rusts, stripe rust is the most serious constraint to wheat production. A general alert for all wheat rusts has recently also been issued in Pakistan (see link below).

Maps
India (with states):
https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/india_physical_map.gif

Pictures
Stripe rust symptoms on wheat:
https://www.realagriculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/stripe-rust-3-signature-small2.jpeg,
http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/brief/2005/stripe/image/wheat3.jpg and
https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/styles/original/public/Stripe%20rust%20infected%20glume.JPG
Stripe rust on barley:
http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Barley-stripe-rust-1.jpg,
https://extensionaus.com.au/FieldCropDiseasesVic/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2017/03/Fig-2.-Barley-stripe-rust-.jpg and
https://pnwhandbooks.org/sites/pnwhandbooks/files/plant/images/barley-hordeum-vulgare-stripe-rust/225.jpg
Ryegrass with stripe rust:
http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/Plant_Clinic/images/ryegrass_stripe%20rust.jpg and
http://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/photo-15-e1378922274640.jpg

Links
Information on stripe rust:
https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/cereal-rusts/wheat-stripe-rust/,
https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/diagnosing-stripe-rust-wheat,
http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pests/barley-stripe-rust/,
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r730100511.html and
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/158964/stripe-rust-in-wheat.pdf
Stripe rust global tracking, current race analysis, and distribution:
http://wheatrust.org/yellow-rust-tools-maps-and-charts/ and
http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?page_id=9
Stripe rust reviews:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01057 and
https://globalrust.org/sites/default/files/posters/solh_2012.pdf
_P. striiformis_ taxonomy, and synonyms:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=227064 and
http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=227064
Current wheat rust alert, Pakistan:
https://www.urdupoint.com/en/agriculture/wheat-farmers-told-to-beware-of-rust-amid-exp-1643588.html
Wheat rusts overview, including epidemiology and spore types:
http://www.fao.org/3/y4011e/y4011e0g.htm
Global Rust Initiative:
https://bgri.cornell.edu/
- Mod.DHA

ProMED map:
India: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8708531,142]

See Also

2022
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Stripe rust, wheat - Australia: (NS,QL) 20220809.8704948
Stripe rust, cereal crops - Tunisia: (NB) 20220429.8702923
Stripe & leaf rusts, wheat - Pakistan: (PB) 20220210.8701378
2021
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Stripe, stem & leaf rusts, wheat - Ethiopia 20210212.8186216
Stripe rust, wheat - India: (HR) 20210120.8121602
2020
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Stripe rust, wheat - China 20200528.7391929
Stripe rust, wheat - UK: new strain susp. 20200410.7206768
Stripe rust & head blight, wheat - China 20200318.7104946
Stripe rust & karnal bunt, wheat - India: (HR) 20200204.6950281
2019
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Stripe rust, wheat - China: alert 20191219.6849959
Stripe rust, wheat - India: (JK) 20190415.6422450
Stripe rust, wheat - Pakistan, India 20190328.6390313
2018
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Stripe rust, wheat - Australia: (VI) new strain 20180614.5855829
Stripe rust, wheat - India: (PB) alert 20180301.5659889
and additional items on stripe rust in the archives

Website: http://www.isid.org

Published: February 23, 2023